- CB 3.12,3.13 Developing Procedures

What is a procedure?

A procedure is a named group of code that has paramaters and return values. Procedures are known as methods or functions depending on the language.

A procedure executes the statements within it on the parameters to provide a return value.

What are parameters?

Paramaters are input values of a procedure that are specified by arguments.Arguments specify the values of the parameters when a procedure is called.

By creating theses algorithms the readibility of code increases and the complexity decreases. This is becasue a function’s name can tell the reader what action it will perform, and by calling it, the code becomes more clean and easy to understand.

What is a return value?

A return value is the value that is returned when a function or a method is called.

That return value can be assigned or printed

Procedures are used to create algorthims that can perform certain actions or return values. When a procedure returns a value, theis information must be stored in a variable for later use. However some procedures like the MOVE_FORWARD() perform an action, and don’t return a value. The image above provides an example of where procedures that don’t output a value would be used.

A 60$ item recieves a 20% discount and taxed at 8%.
PROCEDURE applyDiscount(cost, percentDiscounted)
{
    temp ← 100 - percentDiscounted
    temp← temp/ 100
    cost ← cost *temp
    RETURN(cost)
}

price ← applyDiscount(60, 20)
This is how we get the final price with the discount by calling the procedure and assigning it to the price variable.


PROCEDURE applyTax(cost, percentTaxed)
{
    temp ← 100 + percentTaxed
    temp← temp/ 100
    cost ← cost *temp
    RETURN(cost)
}
price ← applyTax(price, 8)
This applys the 8% tax to the price determined after the discount.

Popcorn Hack 1

Given the applyTax procedure above: How would you call the procedure to get it to find the price using cost = 50, and percentTaxed = 10, and what value will it return?

#code here
price2 <- applyTax(price, 10)
# Answer: 52.8

What Are Functions?

Collections of code
Divides large program into smaller chunks
Better readability
Less repetitive code
More efficient code
Good organization

What Are The Components of a Function?

The function declaration
The parameters (input). This is also referred to as an argument when a value is being passed to the actual function.
The functionality
The return value (output)
Calling the function

# Defining Functions
#
# def function_name(parameter1, parameter2, etc..):
#     code here...
#
#     return return_value;

# return the value of parameter1 plus parameter2;
def add(parameter1, parameter2): # creates a function that takes in two parameters
    solution = parameter1 + parameter2; # sets solution to the sum of parameter1 and parameter2
    return solution; # return solution
    
print(add(5, 5)); # prints the return value of add(5,5)

Popcorn Hack 2:

1. Make a function that returns the difference of two numbers

# Code here

def difference(a,b): 
    c = a-b
    return c;

print(difference(10,5))

What is a Class?

A class is an outline for a set of nested functions and variables.
There are instance variables
Functions

Constructor method (Required)
To String method
Getter method
Setter method

How Does a Class Work?

# Defining Classes
class person:
    def __init__(self, name, age, ): # constructor
        self.name = name;
        self.age = age;
    
    def getName(self): # method to create get name
        return self.name;
    
    def getAge(self): # method to create get age
        return self.age;
    
    def setName(self, name): # method to create set name
        self.name = name;
        
    def setAge(self, age): # method to create set age
        self.age = age;
        
    def yearOlder(self): # method to increment age by 1
        self.age += 1;
        
    def __str__(self): # method that returns a string when the object is printed
        return (f"My name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old.")

Person1 = person("John Doe", 15);
print(Person1)


print(Person1);

My name is John Doe and I am 15 years old.
My name is John Doe and I am 15 years old.

Popcorn Hack 3:

1. Create a Car class which has the attributes model, vehicle name, and price

2. Create instances of the following cars

Name: Honda Civic , Model Year: 2018 , Price: $13,000
Name: Toyota Prius, Model Year: 2023 , Price: $28,000
Name: Chevrolet Impala, Model Year: 2020 , Price: $22,000

class car:
    def __init__(self, model, name, price):
        self.model = model
        self.name = name
        self.price = price

car1 = car("Honda Civic", 2018, 13000)
car2 = car("Toyota Prius", 2023, 28000)
car3 = car("Chevrolet Impala", 2020, 22000)

Homework:

Assignment 1: How do you use functions?

Create a turtle python function that...

Takes a single parameter as the number of sides
Outputs a shape corresponding to the number of sides
Call the function with the argument being a variable with the user input

Hint:

import turtle

pen = turtle.Turtle(); # pen is the instance of Turtle which has methods that do certain actions

# Necessary methods:
# .forward(50) - moves the pen forward 50 units
# .right(angle) - turns the pen angle degrees right   
# OR
# .left(angle) - turns the pen angle degrees left

def shape(sides):
    #code here

numsides = input('How many sides do yoUUUU wnat in YOUUUURRRR shape?!?!!?!: ')
shape(int(numsides))

Assignment 2:

Create a student class that...

Has a constructor that takes three parameters as attributes
- email
- name
- grade
Three getter methods to access the name, email, and grade
Three setter methods to modify the name, email, and grade
A to string method that returns the three instance variables in this format - "My name is {name}. My email is {email}. My grade is {grade}
Create an instance of the class that corresponds with you

def distinct_values(arr):
    distinct_arr = []
    
    for item in arr:
        if item not in distinct_arr:
            distinct_arr.append(item)
    
    return distinct_arr

arr1 = [2, 1, 3, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 7, 4, 5, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6]
distinct_arr1 = distinct_values(arr1)

print(distinct_arr1)

# Extra Verision with occurances
from collections import Counter

def enhanced_distinct_values(arr):
    distinct_counts = Counter(arr)
    distinct_arr = sorted(distinct_counts.keys())
    total_count = sum(distinct_counts.values())

    result = []
    for item in distinct_arr:
        count = distinct_counts[item]
        result.append((item, count))

    return result, total_count

def display_histogram(distinct_counts):
    print("Distinct Value Histogram:")
    for item, count in distinct_counts:
        print(f"Number: {item}, Occurrences: {count} {'*' * count}")

arr1 = [2, 1, 3, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 7, 4, 5, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6]
distinct_counts_arr1, total_count_arr1 = enhanced_distinct_values(arr1)

display_histogram(distinct_counts_arr1)
print(f"Total Count: {total_count_arr1}")

[2, 1, 3, 0, 4, 7, 5, 6]
Distinct Value Histogram:
Number: 0, Occurrences: 9 *********
Number: 1, Occurrences: 3 ***
Number: 2, Occurrences: 8 ********
Number: 3, Occurrences: 3 ***
Number: 4, Occurrences: 3 ***
Number: 5, Occurrences: 1 *
Number: 6, Occurrences: 1 *
Number: 7, Occurrences: 1 *
Total Count: 29